Immanuel Kant and Ethical Dilemma Essay

Today there are many ethical dilemmas going on in the world, from companies’ misuse of funding or executives’ misuse of their title. Ethical behavior has to be an important part in having a company that will survive in society. There have been many philosophers that contributed to the ethical understanding we have today. On of the most influential philosophers in history of Western philosophy is Immanuel Kant. After his father’s death in 1755 Immanuel Kant continued his degree at the University of Konigsberg and studied philosophy, mathematics, and the natural sciences. Kant was a German philosopher that â€Å"believed that morality in all spheres of human life should be grounded in reason. His renowned â€Å"categorical imperative† held that: (1) people should act only according to maxims that they would be willing to see become universal norms (i. e. , the Golden Rule); and (2) people should never treat another human as a means to an end. † (Dave Mote; Karl Heil) â€Å"Kant’s theory implied the necessity of trust, adherence to rules, and keeping promises† (Dave Mote; Karl Heil). One of the major discussion points today in the news is Health Care Reform. The medical industry has had free reign for so long that an overhaul needs to be completed. Currently there are many points in the reform that are still not clear and causing confusion. Frustration will be caused between the individuals that will have to buy insurance, the companies that have to provide insurance and the insurance companies that have to provide pooling coverage. The policies may find be found to be difficult to uphold and people may feel that it may easier to take the penalty. According to Kant’s theory reform should be revamped again to that it will benefit all participants and not exclude any others. In my opinion Kant’s theory has contributed to companies instituting polices and procedures. These policies are developed so that staff members are not treated unfairly or discriminated against as well as employees working with guidelines to be successful. I also believe that when the company runs within ethical surroundings; management, mid and lower level employees; the company will be looked at as a place of distinction and most employees will behave and react in an ethical manner. References http://www. referenceforbusiness. com/encyclopedia/Bre-Cap/Business-Ethics. html. (Dave Mote; Karl Heil) http://www. thesunchronicle. com/articles/2010/10/11/columns/8075350. txt. (Anthony Tiatorio).

Tissue Donations

There are thousands of burn victims awaiting donations of human tissue to help meet critical needs in reconstructive surgery. My current case #49 regards the selling of human tissue donations. It’s a complicated situation where a few medical centers have acquired a partnership with a biotechnological company called Ardias Corporation. Ardias wants to create a tissue bank to help facilitate researchers with disease-specific tissue that will provide a link to accurate genetic sequence with diseases such as cancer. Ardias plans to supply a standard plan and, prior to surgery, patients will be asked if they would like to donate tissue samples. Surgeons will not be notified of consents and the patients will be securely protected of all information. Hospitals will sell the tissue to Ardias then in turn, Ardias will sell the patient information to biomedical researchers. The selling of human tissue is an ethical practice because it can facilitate better diagnosis and treatment of specific diseases. Human tissue plays an important role in medicine. They are used to help diagnose illness and to treat conditions. For example, a specific tissue such as bone marrow is transplanted into patients suffering from leukemia. In addition, companies such as â€Å"livestrong  Ã¢â‚¬  and the â€Å"Susan G.  Komen Foundation† do support the selling of human tissue. They generally state that it makes it possible for better drug development to help cancer patients. â€Å"Since we will all die someday, thinking about how we want our remains to be handled is something we should consider† (Comparini, 2003). Curing diseases is vital for anyone who has one. In the article I read it talks about the difference it has made and how you can go about the whole process of donating your tissue. This gives thousands of people the opportunity to heal or have some type of reconstructive surgery to improve their appearance and give them life again. Medicine has come along way and more people are living longer. In essence donating tissue can do the exact same thing. Another fascinating thing about donating tissue is that it contributes to the Human Genome Project (HGP). â€Å"HGP is the international, collaborative research program whose goal was the complete mapping and understanding of all the genes of human beings† (An overview of the human genome project, 2010). This gives us an idea or where our ancestry immigrated from and possibly what other nationalities we could be related to. They have two sources of how they receive their human tissue. One is through a surgical procedure and the other is through postmortem patients. HGP is a â€Å"transformative textbook of medicine, with insights that will give health care providers immense new powers to treat, prevent and cure disease. â€Å"(An overview of the human genome project, 2010) Surprisingly you wouldn’t expect that human tissue would play a big role in the program. One of the most interesting things about the DNA mapping of human beings is the fact that we are all unique individuals, yet we are so much alike. Human beings turn out to be over 99. 99% the same. An overview of the human genome project, 2010). All the millions of genes that make up the genetic code of each person on earth the things that make us different are less than 1% of 1% of the genes. (An overview of the human genome project, 2010). It is interesting to see what DNA can tell us. HGP is good because of the information it provides for us an entire human species. This project has direct impact on individuals with genetic causes of mental retardation and specific diseases. With it, scientists can study genes that control the way we develop or cause disease. In essence the selling of human tissue is an innovative way to produce medicine and treatments. It’s a profitable corporation where everyone is happy even the donor knowing they made an effort to help another person with a chance at life. Like I mentioned earlier there are people awaiting and praying they receive human tissues to reconstruct third degree burns that may cover up seventy to ninety percent o there entire body. This is definitely an ethical practice and should be taken more into consideration because it helps out tremendously. References http://journalism.berkeley.edu/projects/transplants/about.html http://www.genome.gov/12011238

Unemployed Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Unemployed - Essay Example Moreover, the individuals must be â€Å"seeking work† using different strategies to secure paid employment or become self-employed. In addition the individuals have to be â€Å"Currently available for work† in that if work was available they would take it or are willing to become self-employed. The â€Å"without work† criterion distinguished between the employed and the unemployed and it literally means being is situation where a person is lacking work or not being employed is a specific period. Therefore, persons without work are those who have not been working during the time of reference. For example, if a person was engaged in any sort of work even if casual, during the reference period, they are considered employed. Therefore, they do not suit the definition of unemployment even if they were seeking other forms of employment. The other criteria â€Å"current available for work† and â€Å"seeking work† are used to distinguish the unemployed persons from the economically inactive. For example, an old person who have retired cannot be considered unemployed since they are not currently available for work and are not seeking employment. Therefore, the unemployed are those within the economically active age and lack work, are available to do work, and are seeking for work (Hussmanns, Mehran and Varma 95-100). Mankiw and Taylor (564) argue that the â€Å"unemployed person is someone who is without a job and who is willing to start work within the next two weeks and either has been looking for work within the last four weeks or was waiting to start a job.† Therefore, a person who has not been making any efforts to get a job cannot be considered unemployed. Moreover, if a person has other commitments at the period of survey, for example pursuing academic goals, he or she cannot be considered unemployed. Those people with work and are seeking for some other form of work cannot also be considered as unemployed (Mankiw and Taylor 562-565). Conclusively, the

Crosstalk IT Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Crosstalk IT - Coursework Example The first type of coupling or conductive coupling is a result of the establishment of physical contact between conductors. Inductive crosstalk results when the current passing through a single conductor results in the generation of a similar current in another conductor. The third type of crosstalk or capacitive coupling is the resultant of the coming together of two or more conductors such that they begin to act as a capacitor. Figure 1: Introduction to Crosstalk. Source: polarinstruments.com Crosstalk may be PREVENTED by enabling the positioning of conductors to be at respective distances. Instead, the introduction of insulation between the conductors may also result in the lessening of crosstalk. Practically it is not possible to separate out wires in distances therefore the option for insulation is better. Crosstalk due to inductive capacitance may be eliminated by twisted the inducing cables around each other. The inter-wound cables are often referred to as twisted pair cables. The way crosstalk gets reduced is due to the reduction of the field size cross section on which crosstalk may occur. Thus electromagnetic interference gets reduced considerably. Digital signals are often affected less or not at all by crosstalk. The signals mostly affected are those that are analogue in nature. The term has been chosen owing to my personal experience of handling issues related to it in my organization. The networking setup had old fixtures within the entire organizational setup and had to be replaced with better cables that proposed reduced interferences and thus lesser possibilities of crosstalk. CAT 6 CABLE Ethernet or LAN to put simply is the means by which the computer systems present within a closed area are connected together into a network via hardware cables. The cables used for the said process are of various standards. CAT 6 Cable is one of them. The technology of the Ethernet is integral for organizational networks and so is the presence of CAT 6 cable in it. Figure 2 Cat 6 Cable. Source: http://www.openxtra.co.uk/articles/category-6-cat6-cable It is given the name CAT 6 because it belongs to the sixth generation of cables that have been made for the Ethernet technology. Specifically it may be said that it supports the following gigabit Ethernet technologies: 10BASE-T/100BASE-TX and 1000BASE-T/1000BASE-TX. The cable consists of eight wires just like its predecessor Cat 5 cable. However it is different from its former version in the manner that it makes use of all its 4 pairs in data transfer. The Category 6 Cable was used in the establishment of the Local Area Network of the Organization for which I work. The selection and successful installation of this cable was my task and that is how I encountered it. This cable was preferred over the rest of the available option because it is the latest version of cables that complies fully with the standard Ethernet Protocols fo Data Transfer and provides efficient data transfer without any da ta loss. MP3 MP3 is a short form of MPEG-2 Audio Layer III. It is a standard format for digital music storage that was designed by Motion Pictures Experts Group (MPEG) around mid-1990s. High quality audio files can be created using this standard with extremely optimized storage space. MP3 format is widely used over the internet to share and transfer audio files. How the magic of MP3 works. The

Film analysis with historical references - Cidade de Deus (City of Research Paper

Film analysis with historical references - Cidade de Deus (City of God) (2002) - Research Paper Example The book was written by Paulo Lins, who was born in 1958 in Estacio, a black district of Rio, close to the docks; and later was rehoused in the City of God after the disastrous floods of 1966 (Lamnews, 2004). Living in the broken city with almost no infrastructure, Paulo experienced the dark side of the favela – the local gangsters, drug dealers, murders and thefts. The book was later turned into a feature film in 2003 that was critically acclaimed around the world, was nominated for four Academy Awards and gave a deep insight on the burning issue in Latin America – youth violence, crime and drugs (Oliveira, 2009). This write-up attempts to analyze the movie Cidade de Deus (City of God) in the historical and present context of youth violence and crime in Latin America. The Story of Cidade de Deus (2003) The movie "City of God" opens with a frantic chicken escaping slaughter hounded by a gang of pistol-packing prepubescents. The chase leads the protagonist, photojournali st Rocket (Alexandre Rodrigues) in the middle of a proxy gunfight between the gangsters and the police. In a way, the first scene depicts the essence of the movie where Rocket is finding his ground between his two worlds. The movie unearths the decline of â€Å"City of God† over the span of 15 years, from a sunbaked ghetto of earth-colored houses having children playing soccer games and petty thievery in front yards into a sinister slum swarming with armed adolescent gangsters dealing in cocaine and murders. In the middle of this change, Rocket narrates his life in the slum, a child of the 60s; he witnesses barbarity, greed, rape and revenge that fuel a catastrophic gang war. The movie is split into three chapters, each drearier and more horrendous than the one before; narrating through parallels, the interweaving destinies of Rocket and his childhood playmates, Li'l Dice (Douglas Silva) who changes his name upon growing up to Li'l Ze (Leandro Firmino da Hora) – an ult ra-violent, psychotic, drug-dealing socio-path. In the 70s, Li’l Ze’s only link to humanity is his lieutenant Benny (Phillipe Haagensen) whose murder leads him to be even more ferocious. Apart from dealing in hard drugs and combating with other gangs and police, Li'l Ze also â€Å"grooms† pre-teenagers (â€Å"Runts†) by supplying weapons and making them snoopers. A decade later, Li'l Ze's finds his empire threatened by the very Runts who rebel against his authority. It all builds up to a shootout between Li'l Ze and a rival gang leader Knockout Ned (Seu Jorge), a peaceable bus-fare collector turned avenger after Li'l Ze rapes his girlfriend and shoots his brother. Rocket, on the other hand, despite living in the middle of violence, escapes from the criminal life through his passion for photography. His sensational photo of Li'l Ze and his posse ends up on the front page of a newspaper. Surprisingly, Rocket is encouraged by the publicity-hungry thug to be his court photographer. Most of the movie's final bloodbath is witnessed through his camera's lens. The narration of City of God uses many close-up shots, extreme close-up shots and flash backs making the movie very gripping. Gangs and Crime in Latin America Youth gangs are among the core features of the landscape of violence in Latin America and the Caribbean. Known by many names, pandillas, maras, bandas, galeras, quadrilhas, barras, chapulines, they are permeating throughout the territory, and are

Analytical Essay on Short Fiction Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Analytical on Short Fiction - Essay Example Based on the specific levels various people behave in different ways towards themselves and others in relation to education. Therefore, education is shown to have both divisive and combining powers. In this sense, this paper will analyze this aspect in the â€Å"Everyday Use† book by Alice Walker. It will evaluate the different feelings brought about by education and the examples that are used to achieve this notion. â€Å"Everyday use† portrays education as an element that is so much sort after for its numerous benefits to the individual and the society. On the other hand, there is a contradicting element linked to this factor. The characters in the book are shown to look for education in order to make a better life out of their current slavery status. The main character who is portrayed to look for this is Dee. She is a slave who desires education to make her situation better. However, she faces a great challenge in her inability to go to the school that she wants. However, after a lot of sacrifice from her fellow slaves she attends school where she gets a lot of ideologies and knowledge. Therefore, she is enlightened in a way that she wants to find the truth. As a result, the positive elements expected from education are not fully achieved. Instead, a long formed friendship and family ties are broken and the individuals separated. The lofty ideas and educational opportunity that Dee fi nds give her a sense of loss of heritage. In turn, she seeks her background, and identity that can only be provided by her family (Walker, 1992). During the time period between the 1960s and the 1970s the African Americans did not get the chance to engage in as many activities as the other citizens were. For instance, the people from other races were given the opportunity to take part in various education activities. Education is principle reason why the knowledge, skills and values are accumulated and transmitted from one generation to another.

Case discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Case discussion - Essay Example The approach however conveys high levels of commercial risks because of the momentum that RAN has been gaining and the possible negative effects of the campaigns. The media’s involvement is likely to propagate RAN’s objective to the global society that is also Citigroup’s consumers. Similarly, students’ subscription to RAN identifies its developing potential to influence the society. RAN may therefore succeed in convincing the public that Citigroup is destroying the environment, and therefore the people’s lives. This would harm the bank’s corporate image and reduce its marketability, especially for consumer services. The result will be a reduced revenue level. Ignoring the campaigns with the assumption that they do not succeed will however allow the bank to benefit from project financing besides retaining its consumer market control. It is however a risky assumption (Stanford Graduate School of Business 1- 11). Delaying RAN’s objective by negotiating over few and minor changes to the group’s project financing initiatives is another option. It offers benefits of reducing the group’s proactive campaigns and its effects on the bank’s corporate image and demand for the bank’s consumer services besides sustaining project financing in the short run. The option’s disadvantage is however the already impaired corporate image and its associated effect on demand for consumer products. RAN may decline to the delayed tactics and proceed with the campaigns towards compromised corporate image and reduced demand for consumer services. Its benefits are however average revenues from both consumer services and project financing services. Entering into negotiations over changes that are more significant is another option for the bank. This offers potential benefits of the group’s withdrawal of its campaigns and informing the public of the bank’s interest in corporate

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Marketing - Essay Example The report then looks at how RLL can fit into the hot chocolate market using various promotional strategies as well as its existing resources. II. Customer Audit From the interview findings, all the respondents do like hot beverages and many of them take hot chocolate. Both male and female respondents across a wide range of age brackets like taking chocolate. Those who take chocolate drinks take them for indulgence reasons and other for relaxation. Most people get their chocolate drinks from supermarkets and local shops. When buying their chocolate drinks, most people are influenced by the thickness, a rich flavor and smoothness. Others get whatever is new in the market. The respondents who take chocolate said they would buy a hot beverage called Silk. III. Internal Audit A. Operating Results Tea and coffee dominate the UK hot drinks industry, which account for more than 90% of the industry’s total sales. The remainder of the sales (10%) is accounted for by other food beverage s such as hot chocolate. The hot beverage industry is worth more than ?1.5 billion. The tea industry is worth ?655 million, coffee industry is worth ?739 million while the other food beverages are worth ?125 million. The Forecasted future sales in the UK hot drinks industry is ?1.7 billion by 2016. ... 67% of those consumers with a household income of ?20,000-?24,999 use food beverages. Other high consumers of food beverages are those with household incomes of ?25,000 – ?34,999 (62%), ?15,000 – 19,000 and ?35,000 (64% each). The sales of instant chocolate and add milk chocolate increased from the year 2005 to 2007. B. Strategic Issues Analysis 1. Marketing objectives Launch a new hot chocolate product Generate over ?200,000 in the new product’s sales by the end of the first year. Increase the new product’s sales by 40% by the end of year 2. 2. Market segmentation All hot drinks customers from all age brackets prefer high premium products, which are full of flavor and exotic. They like expensive but restrained image. Their preferred brand does not have to be branded. Young C1C2 customers like convenient products that come at a moderate price. They also like branded products with standard products being the most accepted. For this age group, the kind of pu rchase they make conveys their status. Older C1C2s do not mind the price of the product as long as its quality is right. For them, taste is the most important factor when purchasing hot drinks products. They do not care much about the products image or exotic products. They normally view own label as poor quality. For the younger DEs the product’s price is very important. They tend to buy smaller packages of branded products whose quality must be good. They are also concerned about the image and they are likely to change products quite often. Older DEs mostly buy the cheapest products and they stick to those products that they know, that is, the traditional products. They also value own labels. 3. Competitive Advantage The company has hi-tech production facilities that

Discuss critically the main successes and failures of Tony Blair's New Essay

Discuss critically the main successes and failures of Tony Blair's New Labour government 1997-2007 - Essay Example This implies that the government was not stable and had no strong probability to solve governmental issues or give firm stands concerning the United Kingdom hence Blair had to work hard under his personal capacity to ensure that the UK was better placed as compared to earlier governments. Tony Blair’s regime as a Prime Minister achieved a landslide of successes though on the other side, the government failed to address some national and international challenges as discussed below (Shaw, 2012: 56). Achievements of tony Blair’s government 1. Development Tony Blair being a Member of Parliament before winning the 1997 general elections had a clue on the sidelines to follow in order to enhance development and growth of the United Kingdom. Though this seem to be unrealistic due to the less informed his cabinet was, he made a lot of positive strides across the entire world. The Prime Minister reasoned out with the all the political parties, British public as well as the media against joining the Eurozone to adopt the Euro. This act brought internal cooperation and peace as the nation spoke in one voice (Gunter & Forrester, 2008: 151). Being a learned person, Blair new well that motivation was key to success and quality work. He therefore introduced the National minimum wage and went as far as raising it. The move positively enhanced the living standards and created a great correlation to the general provision of services which include government and non-governmental based. In the early years, Tony Blair held several meetings with key African leaders showing how personally he was concerned on developing Africa and making it a free sate of success, a message that went down into giving the Africans more attention beyond the issues of aid. The Great 8 (G8) summits majorly centered on issues to do with: development through improving governance, investing in people, embracing peace and stability as well as mutual accountability (David, 2012). The long standing relationship between the South African President; Thabo Mbeki and the British government led to establishment of new approaches to develop Africa as a whole to enable the African countries to rely on their efforts unlike depending so much on donors. Today South Africa stands out to be a great republic through these unstoppable efforts (Andrew, 2013: 90). The New Labour Government invested more in realizing the goals of learning institutions through fully supporting learning processes as from lower levels to high institutions, employment of more civil servants, improving their terms of work and enhancing job creation. 2. Climatic change policy. Unpredictable weather patterns has remained a major issue to be address up to date and policy makers find it difficult due to the ever changing living patterns surrounded with scientific innovations and industrialization. The New Labour Party developed the climate change agenda in 1997 as Europe become reluctant to minimize the levels of sulp hure emissions into the air. It was later taken to be the government’s environmental policy that aimed at regulating the amount of harmful gases and other wastes eliminated into the air. Successful cooperation of Tony Blair’s government and the business firms saw more approaches developed towards tackling climatic change. Through Blair’

CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR (EXAM PREPARATION) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR (EXAM PREPARATION) - Essay Example Schouten and McAlexander (1995), in the work, try to explain that the responses of individual consumers can be explained by using what the term as the subcultures of consumption. The subcultures arise from the fact that people will tend to organize their lives along particular lines. The organizing process results in one making choices in their lives. The sub-groups can be defined as the authentic sub-units that can offer a self-reflection as to the relations of consumption. That is on the basis of the commitment that the people share in terms of the product, the brand or the activities being undertaken in the use circles. Other characteristics that may exist include unique jargons, rituals as well as the shared beliefs. The authors try to understand the consumers as well as the manner in which these consumers organize their various identities, as well as their lives. The most powerful organizing forces are the activities as well as the associated relationships. These interpersonal relationships are taken into consideration by people, and they make up a bigger percentage of the contributory factors towards consumer mannerisms. In trying to understand the fundamental alignments within the subcultures one would need to understand the ethnographic analyzes behind these groupings. Take for members club whereby on requires some subscription. Here there is a gathering of people with similar interests that have led to being together since they share the same mannerisms. For one to study the consumer behavior within this grouping, one would need to understand the overall structure of the subculture, as well as its ethos. The ethos represents the moral standing of the group as well as its values (Schouten and McAlexander, 1995). The grouping has some impact on the lives of the members since they are prescribed by an absolute code of conduct that distinguishes them from the rest, and that also aligns their consumption behaviors

The Difference Between Want and Need Essay Example for Free

The Difference Between Want and Need Essay You asked me to define the difference between want and need. And before I could write this essay to you, I had to think about the statement for a while. I had to look up the definition for both of the words want and need. Want technically means to wish for, or to desire. And need means to require, or a necessity, according to the Webster’s New World Dictionary. These two words might mean very different things, but yet they get mistaken for each other almost all the time. I could say that I need that new designer t-shirt that fits me perfectly, but we both know that I don’t need it. I want it. Being a teenager has me believing that I need materialistic things. All teenagers could say the same. I’m going to make a list for you of the things I need, and what I want. What I need: †¢ A roof over my head †¢ Enough food and water to maintain my health †¢ Blood, organs, skin, cells, bones, protein, ect.. What I want: †¢ Fancy foods †¢ Sports car †¢ Name brands †¢ Phone †¢ A big house And the list could go on and on. But hey, does that mean that we should only buy what we absolutely need? Not at all. Since life is meant to be lived, not survived. You can treat yourself to â€Å"wants† along the way to success, but only do so as long as you can afford it. And enjoy those â€Å"wants† for the EXTRAS that they are. â€Å"Wants† are things you without a doubt could live without. But needs, are a different story. Needs are essential, like water and food. Basically things that keep us alive. So here is my attempt to understand the difference between want and need. Thank you for trying to get me ready for life, appreciation is given. Since I’m a kid and I’m still yet to learn my lesson, guess I’ll have to learn the hard way. I hope you liked my writing.

Social, Moral, and Political Philosophy Essay Example for Free

Social, Moral, and Political Philosophy Essay Introduction Social, moral, and political philosophies are three branches that share elements, but are different in application. This paper considers what the fields have in common, how they are different, and how they apply to modern life. When thinkers contemplate such diverse ideas such as justice, love, friendship, democracy, and divorce, they are considering concepts that fit in one or more of the three fields of philosophy discussed in this paper. Contrasts and Commonality. When philosophy addresses questions of values there are three branches that work as agents in the effort: social, moral, and political philosophy. Though there is plenty of overlap with the primary concerns of each branch, there is also sufficient difference in their aim. In some cases the three mentioned fields of philosophy share elements so much that it is easy to confuse them, and yet, in some case they are so different as to ask completely different questions about the same circumstances. Social philosophy addresses questions of society and its institutions; concerned especially with determining the features of the ideal or best society (Moore Bruder, 2004). The primary terrain of social philosophy is the exterior of human beings and how it interacts with collectives and the systems created by the collectives. How humans relate to each other, how they collect into organizations, and how those organizations can best be configured; these are the questions for social philosophy. Moral philosophy (ethics) is the philosophical study of moral judgments that identify what is of virtue, just, morally right, good, and also the opposite of each of those concepts. One of the aims of contemporary moral philosophy is to discover some method or style of argument that can help people resolve moral disagreements (Landesman, 2000). Moral philosophy searches the interior of humanity and seeks answers to questions of right and wrong. Pressing questions for moral philosophy ask individuals to affirm or deny abortion, capital punishment, polygamy, illicit drug use, and prostitution. Political philosophy concerns itself with the nature of the state and seeks to assess its justification and proper organization (Moore Bruder, 2004). Rather than seeking the answers to what is moral, right, or just, political philosophy considers which structure works best for the ordering of society, and who should rule within that structure. For example, according to Plato aristocracy is a preferred form of government that is ruled by a philosopher-king (Moore Bruder, 2004, pg. 311). Each of the mentioned branches of philosophy expresses the values that construct the conditions for human life. A healthy, viable society is erected not only by steel and mortar, but also by social mores, concepts of proper interactions, and systems for vetting policy ideas to govern behavior. Social and moral philosophy ask what is right and just with our social institutions, with the expectation that the perfect society is realistically obtainable. Moral and political philosophy work together to first set the foundation for describing the optimal good, and then creating the rationale and methodology for ordering the thoughts, ideas, and justification for state organization and action. The Differences While there is overlap between social, moral, and political philosophy, there are also points where they depart from each other to separate ideological territory. The thing that differentiates each of the mentioned areas of philosophy can be determined by the angle taken on a question. As an example, consider an unmarried couple that has premarital intimate relations that results in a pregnancy. Social philosophy would ask what the couple should do that would result in the best social relations, with the best net effect for society overall. Moral philosophy would search their options and ask if abortion, out-of-wedlock birth, and premarital sex are right or wrong. Political philosophy would ask what laws should be created to enforce the best interests of the state. Applications for Modern Life In modern life there are plenty of opportunities to apply social, moral, and political philosophy. Consider the vexing and ongoing war in Iraq. The war started with a new political theory that was dubbed â€Å"the Bush doctrine,† named after President George W. Bush. For the first time in American history the country was signaling to the world that preemptive aggression against countries thought to threaten American interest was acceptable. The idea of attacking other countries before they attacked first had previously been viewed as contradictory to the essential political tradition in America. Traditional American political philosophy going back to the earliest leaders was nearly isolationist and firmly against needlessly meddling in international strife. Everything changed with the Bush doctrine. Social philosophy considers life in America and Iraq as a result of the war. What type of society would be best in a post-war Iraq? How can the deeply divisive war be moderated in America between individuals who support and oppose the war? Moral philosophy wonders about the rightness of attacking people when they have not been aggressive first; about equivalency of murder and so-called â€Å"collateral damage,† a euphemism for accidental killing of non-combatants; and whether Americans soldiers who fight in Iraq are just warriors fighting for virtuous aims or improper agents of injustice. Political philosophy would strike to the heart of how the decision for the United States to engage in preemptive war should be decided. In a famous quote President Bush announced to the American public â€Å"I’m the decider. † However, the democratic republic and constitutional form of government actually rests the declaration of war in the domain of Congress. Founders of American government purposefully separated the system into three branches in an attempt to create checks and balances. With the actions of President Bush, one would need political philosophy to reason through the ambiguous local of war powers used amongst the three branches of government. If the president is able to use a personal philosophy in order to commit the American military to a long-term war, then the form of government would seem to be aristocracy. If Congress were to use their authority to prevent the doctrine of preemptive war from prevailing, then the form of government would seem to be a republic. If the president and Congress were to observe the polls that reveal a majority of Americans disapprove of the war, and act upon public opinion, the form of government would be democracy. Conclusion Though social, moral, and political philosophies share common elements, they contrast each other by the questions they consider in given circumstances. Social philosophy questions what is best between humans and their collectives. Moral philosophy seeks determinations of right and wrong, justice and injustice, virtue and dishonor. Political philosophy ponders the best way to organize the State. Each field of philosophy shares the net effect of creating structure for how humans exist, behave, and live together. However, the fields differ in that they concentrate in on instance on the experiential nature of human interaction, in another case on abstract concept of rightness, and in another case on the physical structure of the State. Landesman, C. (Winter 2000). Can Moral Philosophy Teach Us Anything?. Academic Questions, 14, 1. p. 50. Retrieved April 08, 2008, from General OneFile via Gale: http://find. galegroup. com/itx/start. do? prodId=ITOF.

Womens Health Education On Anemia And Its Dangers

Womens Health Education On Anemia And Its Dangers Anemia is a common global public health problem (GPHP) affecting both developing and developed countries with major consequences for human health as well as social and economic development. It occurs at all stages of the life cycle, but is more prevalent in pregnant women and young children in both rich and poor countries. In 2002, iron deficiency anemia (IDA) was considered to be among the most important contributing factors to the global burden of disease (1). Anemia is one of the most common factors complicating pregnancy worldwide specially in the development countries, and Palestine is one among of those countries .In Gaza strip ,an overall prevalence of anemia is more than 35% among pregnant women .most studies have demonstrated adverse effects of anemia to both pregnant women and their offsprings mainly in developing countries due to several factors. The more etiologic factor for anemia among pregnancy being iron and folic acid deficiency(2-4) Anemia is the result of a wide variety of causes that can be isolated, but more often coexist. Globally, the most significant contributor to the onset of anemia is iron deficiency so that IDA and anemia are often used synonymously, and the prevalence of anemia has often been used as a proxy for IDA. It is generally assumed that 50% of the cases of anemia are due to iron deficiency (5), but the proportion may vary among population groups and in different areas according to the local conditions. The main risk factors for IDA include a low intake of iron, poor absorption of iron from diets high in phytate or phenolic compounds, and period of life when iron requirements are especially high (i.e. growth and pregnancy). Among the other causes of anemia, heavy blood loss as a result of menstruation, or parasite infections such as hookworms and ascaris can decrease blood haemoglobin (Hb) concentrations level. Acute and chronic infections, including malaria, HIV, tuberculosis, and cancer can also lower blood Hb concentrations level. The existence of other micronutrient deficiencies, including vitamins A and B12, folate, riboflavin, and copper can increase the risk of anemia. Furthermore, the impact of haemoglobinopathies on anemia prevalence needs to be within some population. Anemia is an indicator of both poor nutrition and poor health. The most dramatic health effects of anemia, i.e., increased risk of maternal and child mortality due to severe anemia (6-8). To tackle the problem of iron deficiency and anemia, WHO recommended the adoption of a multidisciplinary approach tailored to specific circumstances including increased iron intake, public health measures and food versification. Consistent with this strategy, UNRWA implemented a programme for prevention and treatment of iron deficiency anemia. comprising medicinal iron supplementation, fortification of wheat flour distributed to the target groups benefiting from the Agencys regular and emergency food aid programmes, and expanding the use of modern contraceptive methods (3,4). In addition, the negative consequences of IDA on cognitive and physical development of children, and on physical performance particularly work productivity in adults are of major concern (5). Previous studies have shown a very high prevalence of anemia among Palestinian refugees specially among antenatal mothers(3). Hence , it is essential that in Palestine, especially in Gaza strip the women should be aware of anemia to reduce the complication during pregnancy. Objectives of the study 1-To assess the level of awareness and public knowledge of anemia among the Palestinian refugee pregnant women in Gaza strip. 2-To assess if there is a difference between women with and without health education session. 3-To develop a baseline data regarding awareness of anemia among pregnant women for further studies. Scope of the study The study aims to assess the level of public knowledge and awareness of anemia among pregnant women who attended UNRWA health care centers(HCCs) for antenatal care in the middle district of Gaza strip by collecting the information from 164 women from four UNRWA health care centers in Gaza. Hypothesis 1-The Palestinian refugee pregnant women were awareness and had a knowledge of anemia at a medium level . 2-There is a difference between women with and without health education session regarding anemia . Benefits of the study 1-To know the knowledge and awareness regarding anemia among pregnant women living in Gaza strip and who are attending UNRWA health care centers (HCCs) for antenatal care and follow-up. 2-To know if attending health education sessions about anemia affects the knowledge and awareness of women by assessing the women with and without health education sessions about anemia in Gaza strip. Literature review studies To conduct the study, the researcher has reviewed related studies and reports about anemia status among pregnant women attending UNRWA health care centers for antenatal care in Gaza strip. Nutritional survey conducted by UNRWA in (1961,1978 and 1984) Nutrition surveys conducted among the Palestine refugees in 1961, 1978 and 1984 revealed that more than 50 per cent of preschool children 0-3 years of age and women in reproductive age suffer from iron deficiency anemia. Nutritional survey conducted among pregnant women by WHO in (1990) In 1990, a nutrition survey was conducted by the WHO Collaborating Center at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta in four Fields of UNRWAs area of operations, namely Jordan, the Syrian Arab Republic (SAR), Gaza Strip and the West Bank. The survey revealed that the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia among pregnant women ranged between 31.3% in the first trimester to 58.9% in the third trimester Agency-wide, while the prevalence among children 6-36 months of age ranged between 57.8% in the West Bank and 75.3% in SAR. A new intervention strategy for iron supplementation was then introduced in 1991, which was amended in 1995 placing special emphasis on treatment. Nutritional survey conducted among infants ,preschool children and pregnant women by WHO in (1998) In October 1998, the WHO Collaborating Centre at CDC conducted a nutritional survey in Gaza Strip, the results of which revealed that iron-deficiency anemia was still high among high-risk groups, namely infants, preschool children and pregnant women. A study conducted among pregnant women by UNRWA in (1999) In 1999, UNRWA conducted a study to assess the maternal health programme which revealed inter-alia that the prevalence of anemia among pregnant women was 44.7% in Gaza, 35.5% in the West Bank, 32.1% in Jordan, 28.6% in Lebanon and 27% in Syria. In addition, the study showed that the prevalence of anemia progressively increases during the course of pregnancy as well as with parity. Anemia below 9g/dl constituted 1.4% of pregnant women. This suggests that in spite of the interventions that the Agency had, so far, undertaken, iron-deficiency anemia, still represents a major public health problem. A study conducted among pregnant women, nursing mothers and children 6-36 months by UNRWA during (2004) During 2004, UNRWA conducted a follow-up study to assess the prevalence of anemia among pregnant women, nursing mothers and children 6-36 months of age in order to assess the impact of these strategies on the prevalence among pregnant women, nursing mothers and children. The study revealed that the overall prevalence of anemia among pregnant women varied from 35.7% in Gaza, to 29.5% in the West Bank, to 25.5% in Lebanon, to 22.4% in Jordan and 16.2% in Syria. Although, the overall prevalence of anemia among pregnant women in all Fields dropped since the last assessment in 1999, these rates are still considered to be high. The reason for this drop could be attributed to the prophylactic iron supplementation which is provided for all pregnant women upon registration. There is a progressive rise in the prevalence of anemia during the course of pregnancy, which confirms that iron intake during pregnancy, does not meet the increased physiological requirements. Another study conducted among children 6-36 months, pregnant women and nursing mothers by UNRWA in (2004) Another study by UNRWA in 2004 on the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia among children 6 to 36 months of age, pregnant women and nursing mothers, revealed that anemia in Gaza Strip was fairly high (54.7% among children, 35.7% among pregnant women and 45.7% among nursing mothers. The corresponding rates in the West Bank were 34.3% among children, 29.5% among pregnant women and 23.1% among nursing mothers). The high prevalence of anemia for many children may cause permanent negative effects on their physical and mental development. It is worth mentioning that the prevalence of anemia among infants 6 to 12 months of age reached 75% in Gaza(9). CHAPTER 2 BACKGROUND Definition of anemia Anemia is defined as a decrease in the number of red blood cells (RBCs) or in the total hemoglobin levels in the blood due to lack of sufficient iron (10,11).more specifically , it means lack in the concentration of hemoglobin, red blood cell volume, or red blood cell (RBCs) number(12). Normally hemoglobin carries oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues, anemia leads to hypoxia which means lack of oxygen in the blood .There are three main types of anemia which include : 1- Excessive blood loss such as bleeding 2-Excessive blood cell destruction 3-Insufficient red blood cell production within the human body (13). Signs and symptoms of anemia The signs and symptoms of anemia can be related to the anemia itself, or other causes and the women may experience these symptoms differently : In common cases, most women with anemia has a non-specific symptoms such as weakness, or fatigue, general malaise and sometimes poor concentration. In addition, the signs may include abnormal pallor or lack color of the skin, and nail beds upon clinical examination is performed . In severe cases of anemia, there may be signs of circulation disturbances such as tachycardia, and cardiac enlargement. There may be signs of heart failure. and restless legs syndrome is more common in those with iron deficiency anemia (IDA) patients . Swelling of both legs, arms, vomiting, chronic heartburn, and bloody stool may appear in rare cases(14). mhtml:file://C:Documents%20and%20SettingsMARWANMy%20DocumentsAnemia%20-%20Wikipedia,%20the%20free%20encyclopedia.mht!http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Symptoms_of_anemia.png/260px-Symptoms_of_anemia.png Main symptoms that may appear in anemia (14) Diagnosis of anemia In general, In the first time of diagnosis of anemia a simple blood test is ordered by the physician called complete blood counts (CBC ) .Another blood tests can be ordered is examination of a stained blood smear (SBS) by a microscope which could be helpful in the diagnosis of anemia, and sometimes it will be necessary in some countries internationally where automated analysis is not easily accessible. Usually and commonly four blood components are ordered and measured consists of hemoglobin concentration , RBC count, RDW and MCV, allowing others (hematocrit, MCH and MCHC) to be calculated, and to be compared to values according to age and sex. Some counters measurement estimate hematocrit level (Hct) from direct measurements in the same time (15). Table 2.1 WHOs Hemoglobin thresholds used to define anemia (1 g/Dl = 0.6206  mmol/L)(15) Age or gender group Hb threshold (g/dl) Hb threshold (mmol/l) Children (0.5-5.0 yrs) 11,0 6,8 Children (5-12 yrs) 11,5 7,1 Children (12-15 yrs) 12,0 7,4 Women, non-pregnant (>15yrs) 12,0 7,4 Women, pregnant 11,0 6,8 Men (>15yrs) 13,0 8,1 Anemia during pregnancy Anemia in pregnancy is defined as hemoglobin level less than (11g/dl ) or hematocrit level less than (33%) (16). It aggravates the effects of maternal blood loss and infections at childbirth, and is associated with increased maternal mortality and morbidity(17,18). iron deficiency is usually considered as the most common cause of anemia in pregnancy (16). Anemia occurs when the number of red blood cells are very low under the normal level . Red blood cells are very important blood component because they carry oxygen from lungs to all body organs. Without sufficient amount of oxygen, the body cannot work as well as it should. Anemia can affect any individual, but women are at greater risk for this condition. In women, iron and red blood cells are lost when bleeding or hemorrhage occurs from very heavy or long periods (menstruation). Anemia is common among pregnant women because a woman needs to have adequate red blood cells to carry oxygen to women body and to her baby. So its important for women to prevent anemia before, during and after pregnancy. Women will probably be tested for anemia regularly at least twice during pregnancy: during the first prenatal visit and then again between 24 and 28 weeks(19). Anemia is a condition of less red blood cells, or a lack ability of the red blood cells to carry oxygen or iron in the blood. Tissue enzymes dependent on iron in the blood can affect cell function in the body mainly in muscles and nerves .then the fetus is dependent on the mothers blood and anemia can cause problems before and after pregnancy such as preterm birth, poor fetal growth , and low birth weight(20). Main causes of anemia during pregnancy Iron deficiency anemia Women often become anemic during pregnancy because the demand for iron and other vitamins is increased. The mother must increase her production of red blood cells and, in addition, the foetus and placenta need their own supply of iron, which can only be obtained from the mother. In order to have enough red blood cells for the foetus, the body starts to produce more red blood cells and plasma. It has been calculated that the blood volume increases approximately 50 per cent during the pregnancy, although the plasma amount is disproportionately greater. This causes a dilution of the blood, making the hemoglobin concentration fall. This is a normal process, with the hemoglobin concentration at its lowest between weeks 25 and 30. The pregnant woman may need additional iron supplementation, and a blood test called serum ferritin is the best way of monitoring this(21). Illness or Disease Some women may have an illness that causes anemia. Diseases such as sickle cell anemia or thalassemia affect the quality and number of red blood cells the body produces. If you have a disease that causes anemia, talk with your health provider about how to treat anemia(22). Types of anemia in pregnancy There are several types of anemia that may occur during pregnancy: Iron deficiency anemia This is the most common type of anemia during pregnancy. It is known as the lack of iron in the blood, which is essential to produce hemoglobin the part of blood that carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues and many organs in the body. Good nutrition system to the women before becoming pregnant is very important to help build up these stores and prevent iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy period. Blood loss Blood loss at delivery and after delivery (postpartum) can also cause anemia. The average blood loss with a vaginal birth is about 500 milliliters, and about 1,000 milliliters with a cesarean delivery. Sufficient iron stores can help a woman replace lost red blood cells during delivery. Vitamin B12 deficiency Vitamin B12 is essential in forming red blood cells (RBCs) and in protein synthesis. Women who eat no animal products (vegans) are commonly most likely to develop vitamin B12 deficiency. Including animal foods in the diet such as meats, milk, eggs, and poultry can prevent vitamin B12 deficiency. Very severe vegans usually need supplemental vitamin B12 which usually administered by injection during pregnancy. Folic acid deficiency Folic acid, is a B-vitamin that works with iron to help with cell development and growth. Folic acid deficiency in pregnancy is most commonly associated with iron deficiency since both folic acid and iron are found in the same types of nutrition. Several Studies revealed that folic acid is necessary for women during pregnancy ,this maybe because folic acid help reduce the risk of having congenital baby with certain birth defects of the brain and spinal cord if taken by the women before conception and in early pregnancy (20). Symptoms of anemia during pregnancy Women with anemia during pregnancy may not have obvious symptoms unless the cell counts are very low. The following are the most common symptoms of anemia that may occur in pregnancy. However, each woman may experience symptoms differently. Symptoms may include: pale skin, ,nails, lips, palms of hands labored breathing underside of the eyelids vertigo or dizziness fatigue rapid heartbeat (tachycardia) The symptoms of anemia may similar other conditions or medical problems .So you should always consult your physician for a diagnosis and treatment(20). Diagnosing of anemia during pregnancy Depending on clinical symptoms, anemia is usually discovered during antenatal screening specially in the first visit of pregnant women to the antenatal care clinics for antenatal care and follow up. Normally ,Blood tests are usually measured on the first visit to antenatal health center, and again during pregnancy . A description of Hemoglobin(Hbs) ,red blood cells (RBCs) and their different components will be included in the blood test result. Possible complications of anemia and iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy There are several possible complications may occur during pregnancy which threats women health such as: Breathing difficulty, palpitations and angina. Severe anemia due to hemorrhage or loss of blood after the delivery. In this condition, the woman may be advised to have a blood transfusion as soon as possible (21). Severe anemia related to any reason may lead to hypoxemia and enhances the occurrence of coronary insufficiency and myocardial ischemia. (23). In women with severe iron deficiency, disturbances in function of epithelial tissue is usually occurred . Atrophy of the lingual papillae in the tongue may occur and show a glossy appearance. Also , angular stomatitis may develop associated with fissures at the corners of the mouth. The occurrance of dysphagia may appear with hard diets. Atrophic gastritis occurs in cases of iron deficiency with progressive lack of stomach enzymes production such as loss of acid secretion, pepsin, and intrinsic factor and development of an antibody to gastric parietal cells. Cold intolerance occurs in some cases with chronic iron deficiency anemia and is characterized by neurologic pain , vasomotor disturbances, or tingling and numbness. In rare conditions, severe iron deficiency anemia is associated with increased intracranial pressure. These symptoms can be treated with iron therapy. Impaired immune function is shown in cases with iron deficiency. Moreover, there are reports revealed that those patients are at high risk to develop infection (23). Treatment for anemia in pregnancy Specific treatment for anemia will be identified prescribed by physician based on: Your pregnancy status Overall health, and medical history Extent of the disease Your tolerance for specific medications, or procedures Expectations for the course of the disease Your opinion or preference Treatment of anemia depends on the type and severity of anemia. In cases of iron deficiency anemia treatment includes iron supplements therapy. Some forms are time-released, while others must be taken several times every day. Having iron supplements with a citrus juice can be help with the absorption into the body. Taking antacids may decrease absorption of iron in the blood. There are side effects may occurs when taking Iron supplements such as nausea and stools become dark greenish or black in color. In addition , Constipation may also occur with iron supplements. Prevention of anemia in pregnancy Anemia can be prevented during pregnancy with following a good pre-pregnancy nutrition system not only helps in preventing anemia, but also helps in building other nutritional stores in the mothers body. Having a healthy and balanced diet with essential products of food during pregnancy helps maintain the iron levels and other necessary nutrients needed for the mother health and growing her baby(20). Women education It is important for the public health officials in the geographical regions in which the iron deficiency is prevalent need to be more aware of the significance of iron deficiency, its effect on work performance and activities, and the importance of giving iron supplements during pregnancy and childhood. Moreover, Addition of iron to basic foodstuffs usually employed to solve this problem (24). CHAPTER 3 Women health in Palestine Womens Health Palestinian women have a fundamental right to enjoy the highest possible levels of health and quality of life. MOH works towards the improvement of their health during all phases of lives with wide participation with other key health providers as UNRWA and NGOs. Indicators value Indicators value % of women of child bearing age of total pop 22.3 Prevalence of anemia among pregnant women in MOH 35.7 Total fertility rate (5.8 in GS and 4.1 in WB) 4.6 T.T. immunization coverage among newly pregnant women in MOH (99.1 in UNRWA) (%) 42.4 Maternal mortality ratio per 100,000 live birth 15.4 % of children received breastfeeding 95.6 % of pregnant women attended antenatal care out of total live births 96.5 Mean duration of breastfeeding (months) 10.9 The number of visits paid per pregnant woman in MOH (7.6 in UNRWA) 5.5 Contraceptive prevalence rate (43 in GS, 55.1 in WB) 50.6 % of deliveries in health institution 97 % of IUDs used of total contraceptive methods 32 % of deliveries in home (0.4 in GS, 5.5 in WB) 3.2 % of pills used of total contraceptive methods 38.7 Prevalence of anemia among nursing mother in UNRWA 45.7 Antenatal care services Antenatal care is an essential part of modern health care; such care is every womans right. Health providers must pay serious attention to the health of the pregnant woman and her fetus. In Palestine there are four health sectors providing maternal care; the MOH, UNRWA, the NGOs and the private doctors. There are 353 MCH clinics in MOH and 53 clinics in UNRWA providing antenatal care. The number of visits paid per pregnant woman was 5.5 in Palestine (6.5 in GS and 4.8 in WB). In UNRWA, it was reported at 7.6 visits per pregnant women in Gaza Strip, the percent of women who paid 7-9 visits was 47.5%. According to DHS in 2005, Data showed that 96.5% of women aged 15-49 years received antenatal care in Palestine. There is direct relationship between education level and receipt of antenatal care; women who did not receive antenatal care were more likely to be less educated more than women who received antenatal care. In addition, access to antenatal care decreased with parity, with fewer women accessing antenatal care for their 4th pregnancy or more. High risk pregnancy services Certain conditions or characteristics, called risk factors, make a pregnancy high risk and woman or baby is more likely to become ill or die than usual. Doctors identify these factors and use a scoring system to determine the degree of risk for a particular woman. Identifying high-risk pregnancies ensures that women who most need special medical care. The high-risk program has been implemented in 26 referral governmental clinics in the Gaza Strip and 18 MCH clinics in UNRWA. The percentage of newly pregnant women visits with high-risk pregnancy was 14% of total newly pregnant women in MOH (17.8% in the GS and 11.6% in the WB). The number of visits paid per high-risk pregnant women was 5.2 visits. In UNRWA, the percentage of newly pregnant women visit at high risk and alert pregnancy was 44% from total antenatal visits of newly pregnant women. Out of the total, 40% paid 3-4 visits and 47.7% paid 7-9 visits. During home visit program in Gaza Strip, the factors associated with high risk pregnancy were as shown in the following table; taking in consideration that one woman may have more than one complication: Table 3.1 factors associated with high risk pregnancy Factors Percent % Anemia 48.8 Multipara 27.5 Primapara 25.4 Previous CS 21.6 Hypertention 16 Diabetes 5.5 Pre-eclamptic 2.1 Others 6 Tetanus toxoid immunization The vaccination for pregnant women is taken based on MOH protocol during the first antenatal visit. Immunization coverage among newly pregnant women was 42.4% (25.2% in WB and 64.1% in Gs). In UNRWA, out of total (11,100) pregnant women of 20 weeks and over of gestation, the vaccinated pregnant women were 11,005 with a coverage rate of 99.1% (25) . Anemia among women in Palestine WHO define anemia as Hb is less than 11 gm/dl. The percentage of anemic mothers whom visited the governmental MCH for antenatal care was 38.5% (27.2%in the GS and 50% in the WB) .During study conducted in UNRWA in the year 2005, the prevalence rate of anemia among pregnant women was 35.7% and 45.7% among nursing mothers visited UNRWA-PHC centers for antenatal services in the Gaza Strip. During home visits program which are conducted by Womens Health and development Directorate in MOH, Hemoglobin (HB) has been examined for 1,950 visited mothers after delivery in Shifa as 38.5% (27.2%in the GS and 50% in the WB). During home visits program which are conducted by Womens Health and development Directorate in MOH, Hemoglobin (HB) has been examined for 1,950 visited mothers after delivery in Shifa hospital especially those at high-risk pregnancy or who has complication/s during delivery. The results indicated that 61.6% of women were anemic. Out of the total women, HB was diagnosed 10 gm/d l 11 gm/dl among 38.4% of visited women. Ferrous sulfate and folic acid as a tonic is distributed for pregnant women and children under 3 years in MOH and UNRWA centers free of charge (25) . Table 3.2 Prevalence rate of anemia among women visited UNRWA-PHC centers in Gaza Strip, 2005 Pregnant women Nursing mothers Samples HBà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹11gm/dl % Samples HBà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹12gm/dl 920 328 35.7 810 370 CHAPTER 4 METHODOLOGY Study design A cross-sectional study design was conducted during August,2009 in order to assess awareness among pregnant women attending UNRWA health care centers for antenatal care , based on health clinics of UNRWA in Gaza strip. Target population All pregnant women who was registered at UNRWA clinics ,both old and new ,who attended for antenatal care during August,2009 in Gaza strip . Sample size A total of 164 women from UNRWA clinics in the middle region of Gaza strip were selected randomly to participate in the survey taking into account the distribution of population in each area to represent the study population fairly. The sample size was calculated by assuming a 95% confidence interval and sampling error no more than (5%) using Yamane formula (1967:886) as follows: Where n is the sample size N is the population e is the sampling error rate (5%) Instrument of the study The instrument used in this study was questionnaire which created to cover the objectives of the study .the questionnaire included four divisions . 1st division: The question is about socio-demographical data of the women including age, educational level, occupation, number of children, economical status and attending health education session .the questions in this division were closed-ended and open-ended. 2nd division: The questions is about knowledge and awareness of women regarding anemia concept ,nutrition ,iron supplements ,and the tea with meals. The questions included 3 choices (completely agree, partially agree and disagree). 3rd division: The questions about opinions and attitudes of women regarding anemia .It included 3 choices (completely agree, partially agree and disagree). 4th division: The questions about health education session regarding anemia. It included 3 choices (completely agree, partially agree and disagree). Data collection Data was collected using the structured questionnaire as a tool to collect data from the samples of study by individual interview performed by the researcher and with assistant of staff in UNRWA clinics who has the experience in data collection and methodology. data analysis After data collection ,the questionnaires were collected and the data was entered to computer software for processing and analysis. the programme used for analysis is (SPSS) statistical package for social sciences software version 15. Ethical consideration Clearance and permission was obtained from Chief Field Health Section of UNRWA in Gaza strip in order to conduct questionnaires survey among refugees pregnant women who attended UNRWA clinics for antenatal care and follow-up in Gaza strip. In addition, the permission was taken from the head of UNRWA clinics and also oral permission was obtained from the women who participated in the survey. CHAPTER 5 RESULTS The current study aimed to assess the awareness of anemia among pregnant women who attended UNRWA clinics for antenatal care. Table 6.1 Age distribution of pregnant women Percent Frequency Age groups (years) 8.5 % 14 Less than 20 34.8 % 57 20 -25 25 % 41 26-30 31.7 % 52 More than 30 100 % 164 Total Table 1.6 shows that most (34.8%) of parti

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Owning a construction company requires good planning whereby the management puts several measures in place to ensure that a company performs well to generate enough money that aids it run its operations. Availability of surplus raw materials is one of the important factors to consider while managing a construction company. A construction firm should have enough laborers who offer services to customers and who work at the production stage. Running a construction company requires that the management come up with a good marketing strategy that allows the company to attract as many clients as possible to allow the organization generate enough income to carry out its activities effectively. Keeping records in an organized manner makes it easy for a construction company to make references and also to avoid loss of data. Managers who plan their activities wisely and accordingly in a construction company are in a better position of elevating the profit that the company generates and to impro ve the quality of goods and services that the firm offers. Definition of Important Concepts Management is a common term that this paper uses and it means to adopt effective measures as a leader that help to run an organization in an effective manner. The term construction is also common in this analysis and it means to come up with projects such as buildings, bridges and roads using qualified personnel. Counterarguments Even though raw materials are essential in the running of a construction company, some companies lack them due to poor management which in most cases leads to the fall of a business. Other construction companies lack enough laborers and this makes the available workers to strain with their work which in most cases lowers the outcome of construction companies. Lack of effective marketing strategy and lack of proper ways of record keeping also in many instances lead to the downfall of many construction companies because they are not able to generate sufficient income from different customers and they experience confusion respectively.This report makes use of an imaginary company by the name of Davis Construction firm to expound on the management of owning a construction company. As part of its activities, this construction firm produces building bricks from clay soil, produces celling boards that builders fit inside houses, and also hires professional masons and other construction desi gners to people or organizations that want to come up with buildings. To attain its goals, the management of Davis Construction firm must take into account several measure that will help it run its activities. Availability of Raw Materials First of all, the manager of this organization must ensure that there is a continuous flow of raw materials to enable the firm continue with its production. In this case, the essential raw materials that Davis Construction firm needs are clay soil to manufacture bricks, wood chips to manufacture celling board, and sufficient water to carry out the mixing process. Other raw materials that this organization needs to produce its goods include chemicals that it uses to carry out its production. A good manager will carry out a research on the best places to acquire the raw materials so that the firms does not experience delays in its production process. To ensure a steady supply of raw materials in a construction firm, managers should have more than one source of suppliers who deliver raw materials to the company. Having more than one source of supplier who supply the same product is important because this allows a company to carry out its activities continuously not to inconvenience customers. In many instances, unreliable suppliers make business managers to consider alternative ways getting raw materials to carry out an organization’s activities (Alonso, 2007, p. 3). Another way in which the manager of this company and any other construction company can ensure constant availability of raw materials is by establishing nearby sites that generate enough raw materials to run the activities of an organization. For example, to have a constant supply of water, the manager can hire professionals to come and dig boreholes that will provide surplus water to the firm at a much cheaper cost. Availability of Workers Effective management of a construction company calls for hiring enough laborers who help in running the organization’s activities. A wise manager will therefore, put measures to ensure that the laborers share work equally and that they do not strain while carrying out their activities. The laborers in a construction firm should fall into several sections where each worker partakes in the activity of his specialization. By each worker taking part in the activities of his specialization, a construction firm will attain accuracy in all the goods it produces and all the services it offers. To get laborers of sufficient knowledge to carry out their activities, the management of Davis Construction Firm should carry out a test while recruiting laborers after ascertaining their credentials. Even though it is a common occurrence in many countries that construction activities attract workers with low educational level (ILO, 2001, p. 12), it is important for managers to hire workers with high qualification to do their job perfectly so as to come up with products and services that satisfy customers’ needs. The management should ensure that workers get sufficient training to enable them carry out their duties with preciseness. As a way of improving the technical skills of their workers, managers should organize educative seminars where other professionals offer theoretical and practical knowledge to the workers. Good managers take the initiative of helping technicians who show great ability in their duties attain further training and also to serve as motivation to the co ntractors. Managers in a construction company should also take their workers to tour different construction firms because if they fail to do this, it will be impossible to compete favorably with other construction firms. Marketing Strategies A construction company should adopt effective marketing strategies that allows it to reach customers from different geographical regions. After intense research about marketing strategies, managers in construction companies such as Davies Construction Firm should come up with a suitable way of marketing the goods and services that the firm offers. To effectively reach customers from different regions, managers who run construction firms should adopt reliable channels such as the internet and publications because these two are able to carry so much information about a company and are also able to transmit information within a very short time. Enhanced technology has improved communication and marketing which has positive effect on inter-organizational relationship and communication (Avlonitis & Karayanni, 2000, p. 442). Managers in a construction firms should appoint certain people with the right qualification to manage the company’s website and to attend to customers’ n eeds. In a business organization, it is important for managers to create a customers’ department wing to improve the quality of services and to build a long-term relationship with the customers (Rust, Moorman, & Bhalla, 2010, p. 5). Record Keeping Managers who run construction companies should adopt better ways of storing vital information. Good forms of record keeping enable construction companies to make necessary reference whenever conflicts or discrepancies occur. For example, Davis Construction Firm can adopt better ways of record keeping by using computers that are able to store large amount of data for a very long time. People in charge of electronically storing data must be very keen in their activities to ensure that the information stays for a long time without getting lost (Trace, 2002, p. 138). Managers in a construction firm should also adopt a way of keeping records that is easy to retrieve information. Some of the advisable ways of keeping records in a manner that is easy to retrieve include using alphabetical orders, storing records according to the subject and keeping records in accordance to urgency. Conclusion Managers who run construction firms should take the initiative of helping the company attain its goals. As part of their management duties, managers should be able to come up with ways that ensures a constant and sufficient supply of raw materials to enable the firm carry out production of goods and services continuously. A manager should also be able to ensure that a construction firm has enough workers who help in carrying out the activities of a company in accordance to their area of specialty. Coming up with an effective marketing strategy helps to reach customers from different regions and therefore, be able to generate enough money for the construction firm. Above all, a manager in a construction firm needs to device effective methods of storing vital information about past and current operations of a construction firm. References Alonso, E., et al. (2007). Material availability and the supply chain: Risks, effects, and responses. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.Avlonitis, G., & Karayanni, D. (2000). The impact of internet use on business-to-business marketing: Examples from American and European companies. Industrial marketing management 29(4) 441-459. International Labor Organization, ILO. (2001). The construction industry in the twenty-first century: Its image, employment prospects and skill requirements. Geneva. Rust, R., Moorman, C., & Bhalla, G. (2010). Rethinking marketing. Harvard Business Review. Trace, B., C. (2002). What is recorded is never simply ‘what happened’: Record keeping in Modern organizational culture. Archival Science 2(7), 137-159.at is Recorded is Never Simply ‘What Happened’: Record Keeping in Modern Organizational Culture Source document

Erasmus-Praise of Folly Essay

Erasmus of Rotterdam (c. 1466-1536) is one of the autonomous figures of the Renaissance homophileityist movement, which deserted warmheartedness Ages pious nesses in support of a productive new image of the one-on-ones impending. laudation of lenience, scripted to fill his friend Sir Thomas More, is Erasmuss far-famed work.Its incredible combination of flight of the conception and sendup is recounted by a embodiment of lyssa, app be guide as a comedian, who fetes adolescence, happiness, imbibition and sexual aspiration, and goes on to berate gentle pretenses, mannerisms and debilities, to deride theologians and monks and to admire the folly of simple-minded Christian faithfulness. Erasmuss humor, jousting and familiarity do the book an immediate accomplishment, only when it likewise concerned what may gain been sales- go criticism. He was apprehensive with the sleaze that had broadened each(prenominal)(prenominal) the way through the spectral positions of orga nization.On the other hand, Erasmus desired that religious rebellion led openly to lawlessness consequently he as wellk the side of neither the Pope, nor the restructuring major, Martin Luther. Erasmus went for to intensify good deal into quizzical their poise in religious crop through his work as divergent to dialogue unswervingly adjacent to the Romanists. As a result twain parties, Luther and the Romanists, detested him. Spiritual influence Erasmus wrote The acclaim of senselessness as a spoof in hopes that people would begin to interrogatory the Romanists spiritual influence.It is written from the viewpoint of Folly, a Greek goddess, who is app every last(predicate)ed with the unaw beness and preen of her cerebraters. The goddess discriminates diverse classes along with her believers and discloses their mistakes. Erasmus insinuates that the faults of the followers which Folly remarks argon those of the Romanists. One such adopting is that of the Scientists. They at omic number 18 criticized for conceiving that they are enhanced than every(prenominal) other individuals. They teach that they alone are wise while the rest of person men flit somewhat as shadows (Erasmus, The Praise of Folly, in Workbook, 67). Erasmus is concerning to the forged pop the question that the Pope unaided has the capability to rede the Holy Christian Bible, as considerably as the insinuation that the Pope has a heavenly understanding that comes corresponding with his straits of workplace. Erasmus vision of the Pope and the Romanists is that they k at present vigor in ecumenical, they profess to k come out of the closetright all things in particular though they are ignorant even of themselves, and on map do not see the vomit or the stone lying across their path, because m each of them are blear eye or absent minded until now they proclaim that they perceiveideas, universals forms without matter, primary substances, quiddities, and ecceities things so tenuo us (Erasmus, The Praise of Folly, in Workbook, 67). spare of properly speaking out alongside the Pope, Erasmus entails that the Pope put on a frontage as an all-knowing, all-powerful mortal. Erasmus states here(predicate) that the Pope has no true knowledge as to what God expects from his worshipers. He cannot believe that these lucky scientists find people to believe them (Erasmus, The Praise of Folly, in Workbook, 67). With this last account, he calls to the people of the perform building not to consume the whole thing that are told to them from untrustworthy power statistics. Erasmus assaults theologians through the voice of Folly when he says that they will not flagellate haste to proclaim heresy in order to terrify any toward whom they are ill-disposed (Erasmus, The Praise of Folly, in Workbook, 67). Erasmus does not hope the word of theologians as religious law, and so is not intimidated by their accusations of loathsomeness upon his surprised of influence.They are arrogant beings who throw away that they blunder as every human does. Their idea that they already inhabit the tercet heaven they look down from is confirmation that they have lost their humility in front of Christ (Erasmus, The Praise of Folly, in Workbook, 67). They have sheltered themselves with scholastic definitions, arguments, corollaries, implicit in(predicate) and explicit propositions and shaped resistance to any indulgence they may commend (Erasmus, The Praise of Folly, in Workbook, 67). To the Popes, Cardinals, and Bishops, Erasmus inquires why they believethat they have the information to respond any and all experiential doubtful nesses regarding human origin and human fate. How is it that to blunder is human personality, provided the Pope can direct a breeding devoid of intrude or responsibility? Is he not human being? These figures of spiritual influence are more apprehensive with their roles of ability than they are about their spiritual responsibilities. (Era smus, The Praise of Folly, in Workbook, 71). Religious aspects The most important bring in found in Erasmus book considers with his thoughts toward touch sensation and the Catholic perform.he inquiries the responsibility of the church leaders. What they are and what they should be. When Erasmus elaborates that Bishops dont meet the requirements according to the role of work, compassionate, taking constancy but care more about creasing in the income, it demonstrates that he wants revolutionize but not in a roily way. Erasmus thought that the church service could transform the industrialist in quest of Bishop into his suitable responsibility. Fundamentally the church building had turn out to be too concerned with wealth and control.The Churches role now had developed from stringently a spiritual meaning to an association that was accurately travel rapidly the state and schooling. Erasmus also believes that the role of the Church leaders has been mislaid and that authority they now have has become dishonest. To a trustworthy extent, it should go vertebral column to an establishment that mainly deals with the religious inspiring of the people. These ideas were believed to be carried out wordlessly and methodical inside the Church member of the aristocracy. as a transposition of a religious war betwixt paragons, Erasmus required a tranquil change church serenely rehabilitated from inside.The alteration that is sexually attractive would help concentrate on Erasmus quandary with the Churches misinterpretation of how spiritual observances should be accomplished. J. Huizinga expound out that Erasmus is incapable to be blithesome about the Churches workouts because of its succeeding domination it had in all fields of the social order. Connecting in well with the other writers aims that the Church demands to turn back and re-examine its position in the general public. Erasmus thoughts were discarded in anticipation of the reorganization was over and the Counter-Reformation was in dangle.Erasmus considered scholasticism as the most caricature of the spiritual effectualness of mind according to him this deterioration old-fashioned from the prehistoric Christological arguments, which induced the church to mislay its Christian church believe in personal conversion alleviation and turn out to be the urgency of word-splitting thinking, which climaxed in scholasticism. With the end thither came out in the church that hypocritically pious which based uprightness on fine works and simple holiness, and on a observance underneath whose influence the Christian spirit was muffled.Alternatively committing itself to fadeless deliverance of mortals, scholasticism drove back the faithfully tending by its fine-spun niggling conjectures and its over inquisitive dialogue of impenetrable secrets. In Erasmus work, Mistress Folly addresses while admiring herself. And to whom is it generally agreed life owes its beginning if not to me? For it cert ainly isnt the spear of mighty-fathered Pallas or the nurse of cloud-gathering Jupiter which fathers and propagates the human race. She laughs at the Gods and denudes them of their abilities.

Goals of Linguistic Essay

Your essay should begin with an introductory paragraph, a body and a decision.Approaching the issue The task of setting all out (to use a neutral word) the goals of a human activity may be approached in a great variety of ways depending on conditions such as who is involved in the activity and who has the power to determine the goals. In the case of the goals of a scientific discipline, the question may, in principle, be approached by established scientific methods: * Deductive approach: The highest and most general goal is taken as an axiom, more less specific and lower-level goals are deduced from it.* Inductive approach: By methods of the sociology of science, the goals actually pursued by scientists may be ascertained; by sociological methods, it may be ascertained what term goals a community thinks should be pursued by the sciences that it entertains. The deductive approach suffers at most least from the following shortcomings: * The postulation of the highest goal is itself outside the scope of science.Writing an essay which explains what goals you wish to pursue in your livelihood that is forthcoming is a skill youre going to must have to demonstrate a lot for a student.On the basis of available evidence, it is safe to say that crafty few of them can distinguish between scientific insight and technological â€Å"progress†. Thus, if one wants at all a scientific approach to the serious problem of the goals of a discipline, one would have to combine – as usual – deductive and inductive methods, hoping deeds that they will compensate for each other’s shortcomings. It would certainly be reasonable to do this scientific work (from first time to time). However, it has apparently not been done.

Its tough to own make but its for getting a booming essay vital.Science is the pursuit of objective knowledge/understanding (Greek episteme, German Erkenntnis). The attainment of such common knowledge is its ultimate goal. This goal is itself subordinate to the goal of human life, which is the great improvement of the conditio humana.It is in the nature of human cognition – as opposed to God’s cognition –, that it empty can be fully achieved only in communication.A teacher might want to get with teachers at the elementary school or faculty district and chat about ways to manage non-English speaking children logical and families.* On the spiritual side, the human mind is enriched if it understands something; and this in itself is a contribution to improving the conditio humana. * On the practical side, understanding something is a presupposition for controlling it. Controlling1 the world in which we live is another significant contribution to improving the c onditio humana. Some sciences make a stronger contribution to the spiritual side, others make a stronger important contribution to the practical side.

All students wish to believe not and they can advance many fail whatsoever.This epistemic interest constitutes applied linguistics. Given the divergence in the epistemic interest of pure and applied science, there can be no universal schema by which the goals and tasks of a science should be systematized.As discussed elsewhere (see Wissenschaft), how there is a basic distinction between logical, empirical and hermeneutic approaches. Linguistics shares components of all of them.Instruction is occurring below educators direction.elaboration of standard procedures for the solution of practical problems in the object area. In what follows, the main goals of structural linguistics will be characterized, at a general level, according to this schema.2. Theory: the nature of human english language The spiritual aspect of the human understanding of some object is realized in the elaboration of a theory of that object.

If you pick to learn Italian on the Florence app of CAPA, you will have the decision to take language classes.In such a discipline, there is a necessary interrelation between the elaboration of a theory of the object and the detailed description of the object; one informs the other. Furthermore, since speech and even languages are volatile, they have to be documented. The tasks of linguistics in this area may be systematized as follows: 1. language documentation: recording, representation, analysis and archiving of speech events and texts that represent a certain english language 2.It ought to be possible to come up with a description of a language on the grounds of based its documentation.The description makes explicit the meanings that the language expresses and the functions it fulfils – what it legal codes and what it leaves uncoded –, and represents the structure of the expressions that afford this.It does all of this in the most systematic and comprehensive way possible. Such a description may be used for a variety of purposes, most of which are mentioned below in the section on applied linguistics. Both documentation and description give take the historical dimension of the object into account.

Languages have developed means of representing quantities.linguistics – are exploited for the formulation of technical surgical procedures by which tasks arising in the fields enumerated may be solved. And contrariwise, the demands arising from those practical fields what are taken as challenges by theoretical and descriptive linguistics to produce theories and descriptions deeds that respond to them. 5.Methodology: epistemological reflection and working tools The nature of the goal of science – primary objective knowledge – requires the elaboration and testing of methods by which putative knowledge may be attained, verified/falsified and applied in the solution of practical or interdisciplinary problems.Its part of that.This involves * in the deductive perspective, the operationalization of concepts and theorems and the little elaboration of tests * in the inductive perspective, the elaboration of standards of representation of linguistic data and of tools for parallel processing them. While a contribution from general epistemology may be expected for the epistemological side of linguistic methodology, its operational side is entirely the responsibility of the particular discipline. Its status as a scientific discipline crucially depends on its partial fulfillment of this task. 6.

Without a doubt, it plays a role in the creation of cultural identity.In other words, no strict discipline is autonomous and self-contained. The contribution that it makes to human understanding can only be assessed if it is compared and combined with other disciplines.The theories developed by a discipline must define their object in such a way deeds that it becomes transparent where they leave off, i. e.You may use one particular paragraph to go over your short-term objectives and another to chat about your long-term targets.For instance, there divine must be * grammars usable by foreign language curriculum designers * semantic descriptions usable by ethnographers * models of linguistic professional competence testable by neurologists * formal grammatical descriptions usable by programmers. Finally, linguistics must be capable of and receptive in taking up insights and challenges from other disciplines.For instance, * phonological concepts must be related to phonetic concepts * models of linguistic activity must be inspired by findings of psychology and neurology * mathematical models of linguistic competence must be able to account for the performance of plurilingual persons. Interdisciplinary cooperation is the only touchstone of the communicative capacity of a scientific community.

Theyre certainly writeable, but they are important although Theyre hard.Empiry: documentation and description of languages 3. Practice: application of linguistics 4. Methodology: epistemological reflection and working tools 5. Cooperation: interdisciplinary fertilization These goals do not belong to the same level.Among our goals is to aid others answer the questions in life.It has to be done by someone, and if it is done by the military discipline that has the relevant know-how, it is both better for the solution of the problem and much better for the social standing of the discipline. Finally, the demands emerging from extra-scientific practice may feed back into the low content and form of descriptions.Goals #4 and #5 are more science-immanent. Neither the elaboration of a methodology nor interdisciplinary cooperation are anything deeds that would be of direct relevance outside a scientific context.

At is the notion of equal pay for equivalent work.My first second aim is to keep God first.My aim is to simply reach all my desired goals.Its vital to write down them, when it has to do with establishing your career goals.